Opening Remark

Recently I had a conversation with a good friend, in which I expressed my opinion that all academic pursuits are basically fraud. He disagreed by saying 'autheticity is my middle name'. This prompted me to question myself what would be mine, and I find no more suitable word than Cynicism. Hence, from today on, my name is Peidong C. Young, C for Cynicism. 9/7/10







Wednesday 8 June 2011

滨江实习期间的迷你讲座:通过看电视想到的关于中国社会的几点


无所不在的法治节目

从至少十年前起,中国的电视就充满了各类“法制/治”内容的节目。最有代表性的应当是央视的“今日说法”和现在的“法制在线”、“经济与法”,其时收视率是很高的。但仔细看这些所谓的法治节目,我发现它们的内容日益趋向猎奇和讲故事,而偏离了解释法理、普及法律常识的初衷。叙事的语调也从辨析法律上的疑难点移向平俗的感情化的叙事。这里一个很简单的原因当然是,世上没有那么多法理角度上复杂的案例,可是节目还是要每天每天办下去,于是不得不什么案子都播。但更深一个层次,中国目前充斥着“法制节目”的现象可能也正是国家处于法治建设进行时的一个表征。有趣的是,法制建设本来应当通过普及一些法律的概念和法理学的原理,而现在的节目做的是感情化的说教:用惨状来吓你,用眼泪来煽你,用语重心长、用忏悔来戒你。。。。避开冷静、超脱的分析,而依靠感召的力量,似乎是我们中国人思维的一个特征。至于这到底是多年来共产主义式的宣传方式造成的,还是有更深层次的“文化”解释,则是一个更难回答的问题。


广告中的奥秘

一般我们看电视,看到广告就觉得boring。有些拍得稍微有创意一点的广告,我们则会欣赏一下。但是,从“社会符号”的角度来说,广告其实蕴含了非常丰富的社会信息。因为广告的目的就是要抓住人的注意力,而后打动人心,所以广告中的一些主题和叙事方法力求反映消费者乃至整个社会的欲望、理想和追求。而且,通过 一个国际比较的视角,我们更看出不同国家和社会在文化和在追求上的不同。

我第一次有这个体验是一年多以前在印度做社会学调研。那时在旅馆里看电视,发现印度电视广告里最大的一个主题就是野心(ambition)和憧景(aspiration),大多数广告都围绕憧景美好生活,而后实现美好生活这一主题展开叙事。比如信用卡MASTER CARD的一个广告,几个朋友在一起追忆当年穷的时候,一起聚餐后互相不肯付账,想推到别人身上,时过境迁,现在这些朋友们个个事业成功,西装革履,都有信用卡,吃完饭后抢着用MASTER CARD付账。

印度的广告中还有一个特征就是个人主义比较突显。叙述成功通常是个人成功,偶尔会有三口之家的情景,但从来没看到三代四世同堂这种叙事主题。这与中国的广告产生鲜明对照。我们常常在中国的广告里看到成了年成了家的孩子买一些产品送给高堂老母,来尽孝道。比如说买补品,或买一个空调,让父母开心。所以家庭观念在中国文化中的中心地位就在这个对比之下突显出来。

印度的广告中也有“家”这个话语元素。但是它的作用方式比较不同。他们主要把家看作一个美好生活的代号,所以很多整体厨房、家具和家居装修的广告都是在“家”(home, not family)这个主题下开展的。中国也有这类,比如说最近我常常看到的一个除甲酫空调的广告,这反映了我们国民对拥有一个属于自己的温馨舒适的家的追求,也从另一个侧面表现了中国房地产和私家购房的热度――大家都买新房,所以甲酫才是一个问题。

最后还想说一个批判一点的观点:广告中我们还可以看到社会上的不平等和压迫。还是以印度为例。印度是一个多民族、多文化、多语言的国家,各个地域的人其实长得很不一样,习俗、习惯,经济发展程度也不一样。比如说印度东北部几个邦的人长得像中国人,南部泰米尔邦的人皮肤则非常黑,而北部新德里附近的人皮肤相对颜色浅一些。印度的广告里我从来 没有看到皮肤深黑或是长得像中国人的面孔。演员青一色的是英俊漂亮的皮肤白皙的印度人――比平均还要要白皙很多。这就说明,在印度人的想象中,皮肤白皙也代表高贵和美。虽然他们自己国家的其实肤色很深。这种对白肤色的向往和欲望,其实与全球范围内的肤色政治不谋而合。总而言之,广告虽小,但它往往是解读一个社会和一个文化的一扇窗户。

Tuesday 7 June 2011

杂感几则


一。关于“真理”

真理是碰撞的火花,转瞬即逝。真理在任何一个话语体系中都找不到,而应该由一个思想自由的人通过自己对各种思想、理论的比较和相互批判中去寻找。比较和批判的过程是无止境的,“真理”的形态也是永恒变化的。在这个永恒的动态中,我们可以不停地逼近真理,但永远不要认为我们可以抓住真理。你认为你抓住真理的瞬间,其实已与它相去十万八千里了。

二。社会发展阶段的问题

中国现在处于社会主义初级阶段暨资本主义初级阶段。与此相对,欧美西方处于资本主义高级阶段。主要体现是目前中国的个人资本积累在很大程度上还依赖于不法、违规、和不道德的经营或敛财方式。中国的新闻媒体,特别比如新闻频道,可谓充满了各式各样五花八门的明察暗访,来揭露公私部门中各种各样的违法缺德资本积累方式。这与马克思描述的资本主义原始积累相呼应。在西方社会中,多数这样的积累方式早已是过去时。盈利活动都是规范化、合法化的,也因此,经济活动中的技术革新、创意的重要性尤为突出。而在初级资本主义中国,由于经营活动中的社会秩序没有内化到人,从不法行为中有利可图,于是互相效尤。与此相对,西方资本主义中现在的不法、违规或非道德通常发生在一个非常高和不透明的层面。一个很明显的例子就是次贷危机和由此引发的全球金融危机。其他可以想到的例子还有基因和医药领域科技创新的商业化。这些都是资本主义通过技术革新开疆辟土,强化和升级资本积累的做法——故谓之资本主义高级阶段。

三。The Chinese Rhetorical Habit

有时候我真觉得中国人就是要被忽悠才高兴!这就是为什么有“外国专家”一来,英文一说,他们就诚服了,因为听不懂嘛。这跟天真的中国家长追捧“外教”是一个道理。探讨一个问题,你要说得他们听得懂了,而且用一个谦虚的语气跟他们说,他们反而觉得你底气不足,没有权威。他们喜欢听荡气回肠的高谈阔论,对于论据的虚实却不多过问,逻辑的严密也无所谓。对于事实了解不足就高谈阔论、传教布道,这不只是一个学术态度和习惯的问题了。不过我们对中学教师可能也不能要求太多吧。

The Unimportance of Being Oxford


This is an experience I had after returning to my home town in China.

Although people generally lavished praise on me upon hearing that I am now a doctoral student at Oxford University, in private they have actually very specific and already formed idea of success. The Chinese society (or perhaps East Asian societies in general) is now satuated with a cultic attitude towards personal financial success. And the dissemination/circulation of discourse therein seems a point of interest. Students who have gone abroad to study (usually in the U.S.) are typically viewed as having absorbed the advanced technological expertise, capitalist concepts, ideas, and innovative/entrepreneurial spirits. Thus, the successful entrepreneur returning from the US with advanced concepts and who makes fortunes based on the application of those concepts in China is the archetypal heroic overseas-educated student figure in the Chinese imagination.

From their reading of news papers, listening to news and browsing the Internet, many halfwitted Chinese people have become very familiar with such a figure, and can usually list examples, sometimes even among their own acquaintances.

If another academically successful individual who has gone abroad to study in prestigious institutions does not conform to their conceptual stereotype, instead of moderating their views, the Chinese actually view this atypical individual, such as myself, with suspecion.

So, when I disclosed that I was interested in no more than becoming a university academic, I was immediately greeted with ambiguous smiles, and sometimes downright disapproval, for 'lacking ambition' or for 'being complancent with petty comfort and security'--that they don't know inseurity is in fact rapidly becoming a hallmark of the academic profession is, of cousre, not their fault.

Fair enough, what I usually do not disclose is my academic ambitions, which I admit are rather hollow and unrealist but not necesssarily more so than most entre/technopreneurial ambitions, but I doubt they would understand even if I did. Perhaps an 'academic ambition' is a contradiction in terms for them, because, in these Chinese people's mind, being an academic teaching peacefully in a university is a sign of mediocraty, if not prima facie failure. Ambitious people, in contract, go out into the world and make billions. Of course, such a misconcpetion is forgivable, because these people themselves have never in their lives met a truly brilliant academic, nor have they ever actually opened their eyes to the world of ideas and contemplation, which is almost a spiritual world, if we are talking about a sufficiently high level. Their myopia is a historically determined condition, which is not to be blamed. But I am at least glad that I have a more open mind, thanks to a broader vision and experience of the world -- on in certain senses, of course.

But my point remains, that people DO actually have their already formed ideas of success and achievement and, speaking more broadly, of normativity. They won't easily alter these ideas, if at all. One of the attendant merits of being intelligent should be the capacity of imagination--imagining alternative forms of living and meaning, and sadly they aren't capable of it.